Migration and the Gender Roles Essay

In this paper I will analyze the research and data devoted to the issue of migration and changing gender roles; I will investigate the dynamics of the gender roles within the families on the move. Undoubtedly, migration has a significant influence on gender roles and the construction of gender identities. The first important trend is connected with the new role of women. Migration breaks the traditional way of life, so women become more independent and self-responsible. Within the family migrant women also imposes their new gender roles. Parvati Raghuram states that migration leads to â€Å"critique of patriarchy† (Raghuram 2004) on the larger scale. Bertil Egero in the preface to Lisa Eklund’s study of the migration inside China refers to migrating women as to the,â€Å" pioneers also in terms of the gender role models they represent, a sharp break with the traditional subordinated roles of rural women. † (Eklund 1999) This trend gradually evolves into the second phenomenon associated with the balance of power within families on the move. Smits, Mulder and Hooimeijer state that joint decision-making requires equal power balance within couples. Their data from the mid-nineties Netherlands shows that men are becoming tied stayers, while women are tied movers in the modern society. This view is supported by Keith Halfacree, who states that tied migration, â€Å"has been shown to have a clear gender dimension; it is usually the female migrant who is ‘tied’†¦[but] labour migration will become ‘de-gendered’. † (Halfacree 2004) More equality and higher responsibility of both partners is noted within the families on the move. I consider that my outlook and personal position couldn’t bias my interpretation significantly. I analyses the data and research papers attentively and objectively. Still, I believe women becoming more independent to be a positive trend and consequence of migration. But I must admit that gender roles are the cornerstone of every cultural tradition, so Westernization of migrant families can jeopardize cultural diversity. References Eklund, L. 1999. Gender roles and female labour migration — a qualitative field study of female migrant workers in Beijing.PROP Report No 29 www. soc. lu. se/prop/LisaEklund. PDF Smits J. , Mulder C. H. , Hooimeijer P. Changing Gender Roles, Shifting Power Balance and Long-distance Migration of Couples. Urban Studies, March 2003 Halfacree, K. Untying migration completely: de-gendering or radical transformation? Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jan 2004 Raghuram, P. The difference that skills make: gender, family migration strategies and regulated labour markets. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jan 2004.

Men And Women s Sexual Desire - 1431 Words

Are men and women’s sexual desire the same as we get older or is it just a myth that a women’s desire decreases as we get older? It has been my experience that conversations with other women tend to always lead into when we â€Å"had† to have sex last. Most of the women I talk to about this topic do not enjoy sex as much as they once used to. The significant other seems to want to have sex much more than the female does. I understand this does not include everyone. One of my goals for this class was to find out why this decline happens more significantly to woman, and if there is anything that can be done to fix that decline. How our body is influenced and responds sexually is based off many factors. Our brain, senses, hormones, level of intimacy and age are a few of the main factors. â€Å"The limbic system is a structure located in the subcortical area of our brain.† (Our Sexuality, pg 148). Structures among that area, hypothalamus, amygdala an d hippocampus affect our emotion and sexual motivation. (Our Sexuality, pg 148). They hypothalamus is the structure that is responsible for production of hormones. The area that controls our emotions is the amygdala. This area also receives the input from our senses. Particular senses may heighten or hinder our sexual arousal. Also in the limbic system are certain neurotransmitters that affect our sexual arousal. â€Å"Dopamine promotes sexual arousal whereas, serotonin can hinder sexual arousal.† (Our Sexuality, pg 148).Show MoreRelatedSexual Nature And Sexual Differences1560 Words   |  7 Pagesof the fundamental shifts in the ideas about the sexual nature and sexual differences occurred in the eighteenth and nineteenth-centuries. During this period the new scientific knowledge is increasingly accepted concerning biological sex, gender, and sexuality, under which the belief that men and women are biologically different emerges. As the acceptance of this discovery grew it creates a new cultural system of proper behavior for men and women, and new constructions of gender. Through the changeRead MoreMedia s Portrayal Of Women1588 Words   |  7 Pages Media represents males and females by gendering them in different categories. According to a presentation, the author states, â€Å"Media perceives women in a very sexual manner whereas men are symbolized as powerful (Khan). Over and over again, the one thing that the media reveals is that women are very sexual beings. They show that they are only good for taking care of the home and the man is very powerful. For example, the author on the presentation shows a ad that a man is in a life guard outfitRead MoreIs It Possible For Men And Women1589 Words   |  7 Pages 20 October 2015 Is it possible for men and women to be friends in the real world? I think not as I will demonstrate here. I’ll show some possible techniques to escape the friend zone and potentially turn from friend to boyfriend or girlfriend. Also, I’ll discuss this problem a bit more, sharing tips on how to avoid the friend zone in the first place. Research on Inter-Sexual Friendship Apparently this friend zone question has been on the table for about a decade. Bleske and Buss (2000) surveyedRead MoreMasturbation And Sexual Pleasure During The 19th Century870 Words   |  4 Pagesabout masturbation and sexual pleasure in the 19th century. She covered the history behind the women-led reformation of sexual pleasure and desire in women, and spoke about the anti-masturbation movement, which was surprisingly lead by women in the same era. I found these talks to be very interesting in that they covered a discrepancy between the wonder of sex, and the female reintroduction to knowledge about their body, and anti-masturbation, which was an ideology enforced by women of that time. AnRead MoreWhy Women Control Men1298 Words   |  6 PagesWhy women control men. Men have been trained and conditioned by women, not unlike the way Pavlov conditioned his dogs, into becoming their slaves. As compensation for their labors men are given periodic use of a woman s vagina. Young boys are encouraged to be sexually uninhibited and associate their masculinity with their ability to be sexually intimate with a woman. Young girls however are raised to be sexually inhibited, and trained to believe that their self-image is negatively affectedRead MoreEssay on Use of Sex in Advertising1512 Words   |  7 Pagesunrealistic ideals for men regarding women, however, it is a powerful tool for selling products. Through the years advertisers have shown through their advertisements that sex does sell products. Especially when selling to the male viewers. Sex is the second strongest of the psychological appeals, right behind self-preservation, and its strength is biological and instinctive, the genetic imperative of reproduction (Taflinger). Sexual desire is an instinctive reaction in animals, and a person?s perception ofRead MoreThe Gender Roles Of Men And Women1243 Words   |  5 Pagesgender roles of men and women were quite different in pre-20th-century drama. In his play Lysistrata, Aristophanes creates a world to bring about his thoughts on the Peloponnesian war with the comedic relief of gender role reversal. The women in his play are not necessarily the way women of his time were, but more of what men thought they were as well as what men feared or fantasized women could be like. Through action and dialogue, the play shows examples of several different types of women. LysistrataRead MoreThe Portrayal of Women and Their Position in Society in Miller‚Äà ´s the Crucible1044 Words   |  5 Pagesthe very beginning, society has seen women as inheriting the character flaw of Eve s original sin. Most people see women as lustful beings because of how Eve tempted Adam in the garden of Eden, meaning they were more susceptible to the Devil. Men target the females because of their views and the roles they play in a male dominated society. Men have a more opinionated view of a woman s duties. The Crucible portrays women as the very defi nition of sexual desire, open to demonic command and beneathRead MoreThe Contradictions Of Women s Sexual Freedoms1646 Words   |  7 PagesContradictions of Women’s Sexual Freedoms Psychotherapist Leslie Bell’s Hard to Get: Twenty-Something Women and the Paradox of Sexual Freedom argues that young women in their twenties engage in â€Å"splitting†, a defensive process in which people dissociate their ideas into separate parts that are unequally valued (28-29). This predicament leads them to choose between two different â€Å"strategies of desire:† the â€Å"Sexual Woman† and the â€Å"Relational Woman† (29). While the Sexual Woman enjoys being promiscuousRead MoreWhere Are You Going, Where Have You Been?1528 Words   |  7 PagesThe Cultural Revolution and Sexual Desires in Oates’s â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been† The late 1950s was a time of cultural revolution which had a large influence on the American youth. â€Å"As the next decade drew near, issues such as civil rights, war, women s rights, and the sexual revolution would deeply affect many American teenagers. The conservative family values and morals that predominated in the 1950s were just beginning to be challenged as the decade came to a close† (Moss and

Movie Analysis Film Analysis Of The Movie The Help

â€Å"The Help† Analysis Paper During the 1960’s , americans underwent an era of critical issues in the United States. Throughout this time, the United States was in a stage of racial issues where racism was still openly accepted of society. The struggle by African-Americans to achieve rights equal to those that white people received was also known as the Civil Rights Movement. That included having an opportunity in employment, voting rights, having access to public facilities, education and housing and the right to be free from racial discrimination. In the film â€Å"The Help†, it gives us a better view of race, class, and gender inequality in the South where these issues were extensive and deep seated. Segregation of blacks†¦show more content†¦For example, many African Americans woman had few options but to work as domestic maids and caregivers for wealthy white families. In the clip, there is a scene where Aibileen is asked by Skeeter â€Å"What d oes it feel to watch a white child while your own child is at home being looked at by someone else?† (Suzanne W. Jones 2011). Where she then goes on and discusses how looking after white babies is what she does and how she knows how to take full care of them. Another main scene in the film was when the maid is asking the white couple she works for if she can borrow money to allow her boys to go on to college. Her request is denied by the couple and she carries on with her day. Opportunities to obtain employment in a highly educated profession was not available to most African Americans for the fact that blacks were not permitted to attend white universities or graduate schools at the time. Blacks were limited to all education through the Jim Crow Laws that violated all types of appeals that include, ethical, logical, and emotional. These laws limit the influence of social class of colored people. Life in southern Mississippi for blacks was difficult. The issue of gender inequality is similar in numerous ways and relates to the problems of racial and class inequality. A perfect scene from the movie that defines gender inequality is when Skeeter is on a date. Throughout this date, the man asks what she does for a living and he responds with â€Å"oh you meanShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1287 Words   |  6 PagesResearch Paper The movie Romeo and Juliet is a modern classic film that took place in 1996. Overall this is a timeless story that everyone should go and watch. This movie has an intriguing plot line that tells the story of two feuding families, The Montagues and The Capulets, and how the children of these two different families fall in love. The two children overcome various obstacles such as hiding their chemistry from their parents because it is forbidden. In the 1996 classical movie, Romeo and JulietRead MoreArundel Partners Case Analysis Essay1441 Words   |  6 Pages----------------------------------- spootyhead Apr 17, 2007 Arundel Partners Case Analysis ----------------------------------- Arundel Partners Case Analysis Executive Summary: A group of investors (Arundel group) is looking into the idea of purchasing the sequel rights associated with films produced by one or more major movie studios. Movie rights are to be purchased prior to films being made. Arundel wants to come up with a decision to either purchase all the sequel rights forRead MoreMovie Marketing Plan1393 Words   |  6 PagesMovie Marketing Plan Ideas and Images Private Limited Executive Summary Situation Analysis Ideas and Images Private Limited was founded in 2010 by students of film making with a vision to develop new trend, and improve film making in Nepal. The main objective is to align innovation and quality in Nepali movie making to help the industry grow and go international. Apabad is their first venture, with which they want to establish themselves as the institution with uncompromising creativityRead MoreAnalysis Of A Trailer Of A Movie Or Advertisement From A Systemic Functional Analysis1344 Words   |  6 PagesAn analysis of a trailer of a movie or advertisement from a systemic functional analysis can be used to identify the semiotic techniques or resources that are the aspects for gender stereotypes. Semiotic resources such as perspective angle, gaze, and the plane of composition are used to investigate the stereotype implications of masculine and feminist. These same resources are applicable to advertisements (Terence).This paper discusses the gender semiotic facts in filming based on a review of FastRead MoreArundel Partners Case Analysis Essay1499 Words   |  6 PagesArundel Partners Case Analysis Executive Summary: A group of investors (Arundel group) is looking into the idea of purchasing the sequel rights associated with films produced by one or more major movie studios. Movie rights are to be purchased prior to films being made. Arundel wants to come up with a decision to either purchase all the sequel rights for a studios entire production during a specified period of time or purchase a specified number of major films. Arundels profitabilityRead MoreAnalysis Of Divergent The Movie 1197 Words   |  5 PagesAnalysis of Divergent The movie Divergent can be interpreted and looked into deeply to discover the missing and hidden features within the film. Throughout the movie, there are many twists and turns. It takes the viewers on a journey. The movie is easy to understand with what is going on, but at times the plot is about mystery. When viewers go to the theater to watch the film, they tend to miss the hidden features of the movie. They only tend to focus on certain points, and by paying greater attentionRead MoreSolutions to Arundel Partners Case1450 Words   |  6 Pageswith films produced by one or more major movie studios. Movie rights are to be purchased prior to films being made. Arundel wants to come up with a decision to either purchase all the sequel rights for a studios entire production during a specified period of time or purchase a specified number of major films. Arundels profitability is dependent upon the price it pays for a portfolio of sequel rights. Our analysis of Arundels proposal inclu des a net present value calculation of each movie productionRead MoreCrash1243 Words   |  5 PagesCrash Movie Analysis Anjelica McCartney HUM/150 January 18, 2016 Victor Armenta Crash Movie Analysis Discrimination, racism, classism, prejudice and more plague today’s society. These horrible issues do not affect one race, sexes, class, ethnicity, or age group; these issues affect all races, both genders, all ethnicities, and all age groups. For this film analysis, I have chosen to discuss the racism portrayed throughout a three-time Oscar award winning movie called Crash. Summary PaulRead MoreImax Corporation : An Overview1066 Words   |  5 Pagesfirst IMAX film premiered in 1970 in Japan at the Fuji Pavilion. IMAX has grown significantly since its foundation and in 2008, was located in 295 theaters in 40 different counties. About 50 perfect of IMAX’s theaters are located in educational institutions such as museums, zoos and aquariums. In 2007 movie theater attendance was 1,400 million with the average ticket price at about $6.88. The film industry is highly competitive however, there are only a limited number of large format film companiesRead MoreScarface Analysis Essay1065 Words   |  5 PagesSingh Mrs. Mccormick Film Class 12 February 2012 Scarface Analysis Essay The gangster movie genre is one of the most popular among the modern movies and some of the best film directors have produced some very excellent gangster movies. For my first film analysis, I decided to analyze my favorite gangster movie of all time. The movie that I analyzed is called â€Å"Scarface† and is directed by Brian De Palma. It was released in 1983 and is still a super hit movie today. Let me go through

Nazi Propagand How The Nazi Party Used Propaganda Images...

This analysis of Nazi propaganda will examine how the Nazi Party used propaganda images and rhetorical strategies during the â€Å"Third Reich†. I will examine the propaganda cartoons titled, â€Å"The Rhine and the Ruhr†, â€Å"The Vampire in the Ruhr Area† and â€Å"Jewish Conspiracy Against Europe†. I will use two quotations from Burkes essays, the first being, â€Å"[†¦] whereby the â€Å"Aryan† is elevated above all others by the innate endowment of his blood, while other â€Å"races† in particular Jews and Negroes, are innately inferior,† (Burke, 156). The second quotation I will use from Burke’s essay states that, â€Å"[†¦] a number of essentially different enemies must always be regarded as one in such a way that in the opinion of the mass of one’s own adherents the war is being waged against one enemy alone. This strengthens the belief in one’s own cause and increase one’s bitterness aga inst the attacker,† (Burke, 151). I will use a quote from Mein Kampf which states that, â€Å"it was and it is Jews who bring Negroes into the Rhineland, always with the same secret thought and clear aim of ruining the hated white race by the unnecessarily resulting bastardization, throwing it down from its cultural and political height [†¦] He weaves a net of enemies,† (Hitler, 325). The last quote I will use is from Goebbels’ â€Å"The tasks of the Ministry for Propaganda† which states that, â€Å"the age of extreme Jewish intellectualism is over [†¦] the past is lying in flames [†¦] the future will rise from the flames within our hearts

Technology Changing Society Free Essays

Technology changing society Today in America, people are more interested in the new technology that comes out than their world around them. Currently we are in a long drawn out war that never seems to end and still people today tune out to what is really important and draw into the meaningless technology that surrounds them. Ray Bradbury in Fahrenheit 451 puts these concepts into his wittings to show that technology has a huge effect on the people by the expense, the influence and the time consuming effects it has on the people. We will write a custom essay sample on Technology Changing Society or any similar topic only for you Order Now Technology is expensive, no question about it. People always want the latest and greatest and will pay any price to get it. Manufactures can price their product at extremely high end and the consumers will pay any price that they throw out at them. Buyers upgrade in their technology when what they had before worked just as well as the new. In the book, Mildred wanted another wall of TV. She didn’t care of the price that it was going to cost and what it was going to take to get it. â€Å"It’ll be even more fun when we can afford to have the forth wall installed. How long you figure before we save up and get the forth wall torn out and a fourth wall- TV put in? It’s only about two thousand dollars† (Bradbury 20). Mildred did not care the cost of the wall- TV even though it was one- third of her husband’s yearly pay. She was only worried about her own wants and desires. The pricy technology that Mildred wanted is an example of how the society has evolved into cherishing earthy treasures over things that truly matter. The media has a huge influence on people who watch and listen to it. Technology has made it possible for someone to sit at home, turn the TV on, and see whatever they want. While this can be a good thing, it can always dumb down society. People get so caught up in what is going on in the television shows that are playing that they lose track in what is real and just made up. They start to put themselves in what they are watching and eventually it becomes their life. It is their every thought and makes it merely impossible to function without. Mildred in the story became this way. â€Å" Floating her, wide-eyed, toward morning† (Bradbury12). Mildred allows technology to dictate how she behaves and lives her life. When a person allows the waves of the sea to float them, they cannot control the direction n which they move. Mildred can no longer decide for herself what she wants to do and that her mind is dominated by technology pleasures. She started to betray her real life with her husband and begin a new one with her â€Å"family† from the shows she watched. It then became the norm to her and many other citizens in the city going through the same situation making a huge effect on society. Think about ità ¢â‚¬ ¦ The majority of a person’s day is spent with some type of technology influencing them, whether it is texting, computer work, television or any electronic device. The average American spends more time using media devices – television, radio, iPods, and cell phones- than any other activity while awake†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Ball State University) What is that saying? Why is our society consumed to these forms of technology? While this can be good giving people information and an easier way to learn about something, it often becomes overused and eventually overtakes the lives of the users. ‘â€Å" I always wanted something very small, something I could talk to, something I could blot out with the palm of my hand , if necessary, nothing that could shout me down, nothing monstrous big’† ( Bradbury 132). As said by Faber, he saw the dangers that technology offers, and the ability to take over. He trumps this danger physically, by keeping the threat literally small. Faber did not allow the technology to take over his life and consume his time. The story behind Bradbury’s book is made up, but is not far from reality. When Fahrenheit 451 was written, it was only the 50’s, but Bradbury could already tell where society was heading. The huge effects that technology had on the characters in the book with the expenses, the influences, and the time consuming consequences are the same people struggle with today†¦ 60 years later. How to cite Technology Changing Society, Essay examples

Importance for Early Cost Estimates Free-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.You are required to select one group and explain how the factors in the chosen group generally affect accuracy of building cost estimating 2.Compare and contrast in a table commonly used preliminary estimating techniques including elemental estimating in theconstruction industry, covering criteria such as description of the method, accuracy levels, level of information required, popularity in the industry and convenience to use. Answers: Importance for early cost estimates The estimation of the construction cost is set with the higher accuracy with the proper planning of the project that is set with the financing. For this, the construction for the clients also need to work on the accuracy with the advice that is given to the sites for the acquisition and the commitment to build and enable to take all the important decisions for the construction of the project. The major determination is about identifying the status of the contractor and how the material price fluctuation is going to directly affect the costs. There are top five factors which include the political situation, fluctuation in the prices for the different materials, planning is poor with the previous experience with the contractor. (Dziadosz et al., 2015). It is important to focus on uncertainty patterns with the costs that needs to be incurred. This mainly reflects the series of the decision-making process. The project includes development planning where there are concepts, development, e xecution and the transfer. Factors for early stage There are different estimations based on how the costs are affiliated with the working on the performance that is set for the detailed designing. (Lung et al., 2014). Here, the major focus is to work on the accuracy as well as the consistency of the system that includes the real pricing and the forecasted too. This works with the estimates for properly handling the designing of facility with the data cost that is important to build up a proper project. For this, the check is also on how the detailed estimates are able to work on the costs which are associated to the facility with the level of detail for the tasks that depends on the cost types to be prepared. The major focus is on the pre-tender stage which could be for checking whether the project is continued or dropped. Along with this, there is a possibility to make the decisions about the conceptual concepts and then work on the different findings which relate to the facets or the services. The majority is able to define and wor k on the project factors with the early stage with procurement methods with project location and size. Here, the inconsistency is measures which is influenced by the size of the project with the method and location. The quantity surveyors are for the increased planning, with the controlled designing phase and checking the estimated period.(Ahiaga Smith, 2014). The importance is based on working over the changes and the calculations that depends on the needs and the cost indices. The patterns are also related to work with the site conditions and how the shipping charged are applicable to with the change in the estimation time. Market conditions which are: Material Pricing, Quality and availability The cost of construction need to include the different variable factors which is mainly to work on the new project costs with the construction material costs. This includes the shipping charges and the other taxes are applied to it. There are calculations which relate to handling the labor wage rate and then working over the project site conditions that could lead to the increase of the cost of construction. The site conditions are related to the poor soil conditions, wetlands and the contaminated minerals with some of the conflicting utilities. For the material management, there is a proper need of the planning and then controlling the efforts which are important to make sure of the quality and the material specifications. The material is based on improving the opportunities for the reduced cost of the overall project (Choi et al., 2015). The management of the poor material will lead to the deterioration at the time of storage with the check on how the timely flow of materials could help in balancing the procurement and the inventory plan. With the material management, there is a need to check on the issues of the design related factors, contractor related, site and the labor, equipment issues. The construction is based on the operations with the site storage space. The methods are considered to be important for working on the productivity which can lead to the delay in the project and result in the project cost overrun. The projects need to work on the building of the structure and the activities are maintained through proper support and the best quality material which is available at the adequate price according to the budget. The change in economy has a major impact on the business where the procurement material and the management is working for 1.92 man hours without any system. It has been seen that the quality is measured with the planning and setting all the schedules that include the inventory records with the product components that are including the material availability with the fast track or the tight sched ules. The poor cost of the material management can also lead to the change in the avoidable costs with the time set for the construction (Ceke Milasinovic, 2015). Preliminary Estimating Techniques They are considered to be important for the activities with the particular work with the possibility to execute the tasks based on the time stipulation. The techniques are based on the construction project through the systematic calculation. There are three methods unit, cubic and the floor area methods for the estimates. The unit method is for the handling of inception feasibility when the project is set at the standardized unit for the cost for the student, bed etc (Mathew et al., 2016). The cubic method is for the outline proposal for the calculation of volume of air in m3. The floor area method is for the use of the different buildings in m2. Elemental estimating This is to work on the comparison of the designing alternatives with the budget and the economic designing. Here, it includes the presentation for the building of the plans with the finance and the sponsor. The elemental cost plan is for the preparation of the bills of the quantity and then working on the match as per the budget of the client. The elemental cost is for the analysis and to involve the cost breakdown which is for the taking of the biggest costs that are identified with the methods that include the choice of the affordable designing which is priced and set by the quantity surveyor. For this, the check is also on building the analysis for the superficial area methods and to plan the adjustments based on the architecture and the re-pricing at the time of the designing stage eliminates (Swei et al., 2017). The disadvantage is the planning adjustments which leads to the fluctuation in the budget and the issues related to the designing specification changing the entire construction technology (Molcho et al., 2014). References Ahiaga-Dagbui, D. D., Smith, S. D. 2014. Rethinking construction cost overruns: cognition, learning and estimation.Journal of Financial Management of Property and Construction,19(1), 38-54. ?eke, D., Milainovi?, B. 2015. Early effort estimation in web application development.Journal of Systems and Software,103, 219-237. Choi, J., Kim, H., Kim, I. 2015. Open BIM-based quantity take-off system for schematic estimation of building frame in early design stage.Journal of Computational Design and Engineering,2(1), 16-25. Dziadosz, A., Tomczyk, A., Kapli?ski, O. 2015. Financial risk estimation in construction contracts.Procedia Engineering,122, 120-128. Iung, B., Laounan, C., Himbert, D., Eltchaninoff, H., Chevreul, K., Donzeau-Gouge, P., ... Prat, A. 2014. Predictive factors of early mortality after transcatheter aortic valve implantation: individual risk assessment using a simple score.Heart, heartjnl-2013. Mathew, G., Menzies, T., Hihn, J. 2016. Impacts of Bad ESP (Early Size Predictions) on Software Effort Estimation.arXiv preprint arXiv:1612.03240. Molcho, G., Cristal, A., Shpitalni, M. 2014. Part cost estimation at early design phase.CIRP Annals-Manufacturing Technology,63(1), 153-156. Swei, O., Gregory, J., Kirchain, R. 2017. Construction cost estimation: A parametric approach for better estimates of expected cost and variation.Transportation Research Part B: Methodological,101, 295-305

Thatcher and Blair Essay Example For Students

Thatcher and Blair Essay Introduction With the campaign New Labour Because Britain Deserves Better, it appeared that the new look of the Labour Party was so promising that most Britons have poured their votes for the Labour Party, and Tony Blair and his family moved to stay at the 10th Downing Street. It is said that the New Labour won the election, because they have tried to understand what British people wanted. Like it or not, the New Labour has simply followed Margaret Thatchers achievements. Moreover, Tony Blair and his aides have consistently used Thatcherite rhetoric to strengthen his New credentials such as the use of No turning back and No, no, no. (The Guardian, April 20, 1999) Thus, based on the assumption that the Left Wing has adopted the Right Wing policies, this report attempts to find differences and similarities of Mrs. Margaret Thatchers and Mr. Tony Blairs domestic and foreign affairs policies as well as the impacts on Britain. Background The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary democracy. Its constitution is partly unwritten and flexible. Also, politics in Britain is a two-party politics, and the system of British government is built around the existence of competing political parties, having distinctive policies and views, particularly The Conservative Party and the Labour Party, which are the dominant parties nowadays. To understand the management policies, it is worth looking into the political philosophy of both rival parties. The Conservative Party? The Conservative Party or formally National Union of Conservative and Unionist Associations is a right-of-centre political party. It is the heir and continuation of the old Tory Party, members of which began forming Conservation Association after Britains first Reform Act of 1832, extended electoral rights to the middle class. Formed by Sir Robert Peel in 1834, the first Conservative government announced the reform of abuse; the importance of law and order and of the police; orderly system of taxation, and the importance of both landed interests and of trade and industry. Among former Conservative Prime Ministers, there are two well-known persons, who shall be mentioned here. Firstly, during World War II, The Conservative Party dominated national office and Winston Churchill (later became Sir Winston) led Britain to victory in 1945. Secondly, Margaret Thatcher (b. 13 Oct 1925) and later being made as Baroness Thatcher of Kesteven was the first European and British Prime Minister (1979-1990). Not only did she win three consecutive terms in the 20th century, but she also was Britains longest-serving Prime Minister since 1827. Being called as Iron Lady, Thatcher pursued the policies mainly on reengineering of public sectors, monetarism, and privatization of state-own enterprises. In 1990 her policies regarding European monetary and political integration caused doubts within the party and forced her resign from the Conservative Party leadership. The Labour Party? Founded in 1906, The Labour Party was originally formed to provide a distinct Labour group and interests inside Parliament. The party is comprised of trade unions, socialist and co-operative groups, providing its membership and income. The party dogma and beliefs are based on the idea of equality (classless society), the state involvement in society, public ownership of major industries, and high level of public expenditure and taxation. (Sallis, 1982: 47) It is noteworthy that the party has put the notion of the system of welfare benefits in form of the National Health Service into operation, including the system of social securities benefits. However, when Blair has become the party leader in 1994, he has adjusted the Labour Party standpoint by calling for the party to move to the political centre (no longer a left-centre-party) and de-emphasize its traditional advocacy of state control and public ownership. Plus, colourful policies were announced: free enterprise, anti-inflationary poli cies, aggressive crime prevention, and support for Britains integration into the European economy. Based on the assumption that Britons were getting fed up with the Conservative Party, ruling uninterruptedly for 18 years and wanted a change, the Labour achieved a landslide victory over the Conservatives in the General Election on 1 May 1997 and Blair became the Prime Minister. Differences and Similarities It is likely that although the political beliefs of the Conservative and the Labour Party are on the opposite corners, their policies do have, more or less, some similarities. Topics of domestic foreign affairs policies of both parties and the impacts on Britain, particularly during Thatchers and Blairs periods will be discussed hereunder. 1. Domestic Policies Basically, the British government will take care of their people since they were born, go to school, get sick, get sacked and get old. To extend this point, Britain has the social-securities system, which provides financial aids for sickness, maternity, disability, unemployment, old-age, invalidity and survivor pensions. The National Health Service (NHS), established in 1948, offers free medical services to the public through a network of more than 2,000 hospitals. The Environmental agency sees to air quality since 1956. The government also handles the housing. Education is compulsory and free for children between the ages of 5 to 16. Even business, several important industries belong to the government. It is obvious that the British governments have had close involvements with their people for years. Margaret Thatchers Home Policies? During early 80s, Britain was faced with the effects of a world economic recession, with high unemployment rate and strikes from the unions. It was Mrs. Thatcher who set out to end socialism in Britain, after the Labour Party ruled the country for 6 previous years. She tackled the problems step by step- making secondary strikes and boycotts illegal, providing for fines, a llocation of union funds, for the violation of law and taking measures for ending the closed shop . As the Prime Minister, she declared manifesto promises, which were reducing inflation, keeping independent nuclear deterrent, remaining a member of EC, and lowering the rates of income tax. Being a neoliberal wing of the party, Mrs. Thatcher took a new line of policy called monetarism and later internationally known as Thatcherism (Metcalfe Richards, 1987: 1). It means authorities should control the supply of money and any attempts to tune the economy by fiscal means should be abandoned. At the same time, the PM planed to reduce the number of civil servants and privatize selected areas of government activities. Notably, these policies can be considered as innovations of the century and continue to having impacts on Britain today. Not to miss, further details are as follows: Monetarism or Thatcherism? It was believed that once the inflation was tackled, the unemployment problem would be automatically solved. Thus, the reduction of inflation was her main priority. By stating Rolling back the frontiers of the state, The PM had commitments that the government should get off the backs of its citizens and taxpayers and every effort should be made to give incentives to private sectors wealth creation as against public sector wealth consumption (ibid). Now, questions may be raised as to where the policies were from. It is interesting that during Mrs. Thatcher sat on the frontbench in the Green Room, she had a terrific backup team. She set up Policy Unit at the 10 Downing Street as her own private think tank. There were Keith Joseph, Sir John Hoskyns, David Wolfson (a computer expert), Sir Alan Walters, an economic professor and Sir Derek Rayner (CEO at Marks Spencer). In making the control of inflation, the Thatcher government adopted Keynesian economic policies and monetarism. It is assumed that a Keynesian approach will use public sector resources to stimulate econo mic activities through the investment in the infrastructure, whereas a monetarist approach will neutralize the economic effects of public spending so that market forces could operate more freely (Derbyshire, 1984: 168). Administrative Reform? Thatcherism also included a clear political commitment to reduce the size of the civil service and increase the efficiency of government. The programme to improve management and efficiency in government was led by Sir Rayner, and later was known as the Rayner Unit or Raynerism. First of all, 100,000 civil service jobs were cut. Secondly, senior officials had to learn skills of managing resources and improve departmental performance. The matter of fact was that the Prime Minister herself wanted to see both the improvement in government departments and the attitude behaviour changes of the civil servants (Metcalfe Richards, 1987: 2-3) Privatization? The British government has an important stake in industry, such as British National Oil, Atomic Energy Authority, British Steel, British Shipbuilders, or British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) and others. Some major public enterprises have been privatized, and others are in the process of being prepared for privatization. The privatized ones were British Rail, British Aerospace, British Telecommunications, as well as British Petroleum. The Conservative Party believed that not only the public sector of industry was largely inefficient and lacks the cutting edge of competition, which private enterprises had, but the government should not own industry. To reduce the subsidies for them (and to provide additional sources of finance) and to produce considerable revenues for the government, Mrs. Thatcher promoted the privatization of these industries. Hence, it should be noted that the term public enterprise refers to those industries, which produce good and services for sale and owned by the government, in other words, the governments ownership on behalf of the general public. Unlik e public limited companies, the term public means that shares in them are available for sale to the general public. However, some government-owned industries, like Roll Royce, British Leyland are in the form of public limited companies. It is obviously seen that Mrs. Thatchers policies had a close relationship to each other and each affected one another, and because of this single-party rule over a long period, it was possible for the government to implement a series of reforms. In her later years, she extended her Thatcher revolution from the economics of finance and industry into new area of social policy, through the further privatization of education, health care, and housing. Tony Blairs Home Policies? To bluntly put, when Mr. Blair became the Prime Minister in 1997, most works have been done, prepared to be done or in the process, since Mrs. Thatchers time. It was likely that the fundamental structures of the country were already laid. Although problems and conflicts happened, they were finally solved, by either Mr. Major or even Mr. Blair. Therefore, there were little changes in the policies, except the sequences of priorities. Based on the Labour Partys manifesto promises for the last General Election, the Labour stated that education was the first priority; the rates of income tax would not change; a stable economic growth with low inflation would be promoted; the young unemployed should be off the benefit and into work; the National Health Service would be rebuilt; strong families and communities would be promoted; environment would be safeguarded, and last but not least the House of Lords must be reformed. When compared with Mrs. Thatchers policies, it was shown that the Labour policies covered no change on income tax rates, low inflation, unemployment. On the one hand, although these policies were quite similar with those policies of Tory, the priorities were different. On the other hand, the home policies of the Tory did not touch topics of educat ion (despite of the fact that it was the number one task for the Labour), health service, families and communities (such as problem of homelessness), life in the rural areas and environment, whereas the domestic policies of the Labour did not cover privatization and the state reengineering. It is explicit that the Labour Party emphasized social policies more than the economic policies, and it was the government duties to work on them. 2. Foreign Affairs Policies International relationships have always been essential to Britains well-being In the past, it was due to its overseas Empire and its dominance in world affairs. But today it is because of the importance of international trade and finance to the economy. It can be said that the international policies of Thatcher and Blair share some similarities and differences. Consider the roles of Britain toward NATO as an example. The first similar view is about NATO. Mrs. Thatcher always affirmed Britains strong commitment to NATO, and B ritains independent nuclear deterrent. Similarly, Mr. Blair also has made it clear that NATO will remain the ultimate guarantor of Britains defense. Another resemblance is the roles of Britain in the international conflicts. In 1982, the governments response to the Argentinian invasion of the Falkland Island, by dispatching a naval task force to replant the Union Flag in Port Standley, restored it to popular favour, and helped Mrs. Thatcher to win the General Election in 1983. Likewise, it is Mr. Blairs intention to bring Britain to the front role of the global situations. It is said that in the manifesto that Britain cannot be strong at home if it is weak abroad. Recently, being called as an American truer friend by George W. Bush, Mr. Blair supported and stood side by side with the United States against the terrorists. Perhaps, this will bring positive votes to the Labour Party for the next General Election. As for the difference of the international policies, it can be seen from the parties views toward British membership of the European Community. Britain was reluctant to join the European Economic Community (EEC) since 1957, and it took the country 16 years to make the final decision and became a member of the EEC. Again, history repeats itself. Although Britain has been a member of European Union (EU), there are pro-European and Eurosceptic arguments. The Conservative Party thought that Britain should remain a member, but with caution. Mrs. Thatcher doubted and disagreed to integrate the Pound into a common European currency. In contrast, the Labour Party held an extreme idea by wanting the country to withdraw from EU. In addition, Mr. Blair said in 1997 that we would not join in any fudge single currency I know exact what the British people feel when they see the Queens head on a ?10 note. I feel it too. However, this very Mr. Blair is changing his mind. Recently, he and his party have launched several Pro-European campaigns by putting that Europe today is not an ideology but a lived experience that most people never want to do without again . The root of the doubts is that Britain has never been fully in the EU from the beginning, then they have never been able to have a chance to draw up the rules whether of the EUs budget, the Common Agricultural Policy, the European Monetary System, the Exchange Rate Mechanism or even the euro. For these reasons, Mr. Blair has made it clear that even the idea of taking Britain into the euro is unpopular, he will recommend it, if it is the right thing to do. 3. Impacts on Britain It is remarkable that the results of Thatcherism were so spectacular and popular that it took the Labour Party 4 election defeats. Certainly, her domestic policies management has various impacts on Britain and British people more than those of Mr. Blair. To begin with, her commitment to improve the quality and efficiency of the civil service creates benefits to general public. Likewise, it helps the state organization s to compete with the private organizations. Secondly, the privatization of the state enterprises made a decade ago brings about better services to all walks of life nowadays. For example, the services and fees of British Telecom are more competitive to the public. Although British Rail usual causes problems, the market mechanism will control the problems. No one likes changes, and it takes time to accept them. Inevitably, Thatcherism also caused social impacts. It gave birth to a society of Filofax, and mobile phone yuppies- a new class drawn from a cross section of other classes, backgrounds and educations. Most people enjoyed new opportunities and well-beings. In comparison, Mr. Blair has done many things, but nothing is new. Yet, his policy toward the euro will surely affect Britain, and it remains to be seen. Summary It is believed that all governments, no matter they are Conservative, Labour or Liberal, have worked for the best interests of the country. Time changes, and peopl e changes. Changes are also seen in the Labour Party. Presumably, it is for the best of the people. Later on, we will see changes in the Conservative Party. Things and people have to change to survive. However, power is mortal, but what people glory is immortal. References 1. Derbyshire, J. Dennis (1984) An Introduction to Public Administration, Berkshire: MaGraw-Hill 2. Metcalfe, Les and Richards, Sue (1987) Improving Public Management London: Sage 3. Sallis, Edwards (1982) The Machinery of Government Sussex: Holt, Rinehart ; Winston 4. 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